The ongoing debate around India’s three-language policy, particularly in the context of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, and the resistance from states like Tamil Nadu.
Three-Language Policy Controversy
The three-language formula, first introduced in 1968, mandates teaching three languages in schools:- Mother tongue or regional language
- Hindi (in non-Hindi states)
- English or a modern Indian language (in Hindi-speaking states).
The policy has faced criticism, especially from non-Hindi-speaking states like Tamil Nadu, which argue it imposes Hindi and undermines regional languages. Tamil Nadu has historically rejected the three-language system, sticking to a two-language formula (Tamil and English) since the 1960s.
Provisions Under NEP 2020
The NEP 2020 retains the three-language formula but with greater flexibility:- States can choose the languages to be taught, with no mandatory imposition of Hindi.
- Emphasis on promoting Indian languages, classical languages (e.g., Sanskrit), and foreign languages.
- Students in grades 6–8 are encouraged to learn a classical language of India.
- The policy allows teaching in regional languages/mother tongues until Grade 5, and preferably until Grade 8.
State Demands and Opposition
- Tamil Nadu: Strongly opposes the three-language policy, fearing it will lead to Hindi imposition. The state continues its two-language model to prioritize Tamil and English.- Other Southern and Eastern States: Similar concerns about linguistic hegemony and loss of regional identity.
- Non-Hindi States: Demand autonomy to adopt languages relevant to their cultural context, such as Bengali, Telugu, or Marathi, instead of Hindi.
Arguments For and Against the Policy
In Favor:- Promotes national integration by fostering multilingualism and mutual understanding.
- Aligns with India’s linguistic diversity and prepares students for a multicultural workforce.
- Learning multiple languages enhances cognitive skills and academic performance.
Against:
- Risks burdening students with additional subjects in an already packed curriculum.
- Perceived as covert Hindi imposition, threatening regional languages and identities.
- Practical challenges: Lack of qualified teachers and resources for teaching three languages effectively.
- States argue that language policies should be decentralized, respecting regional aspirations.
The NEP 2020’s flexible approach attempts to balance national unity with linguistic diversity. However, states like Tamil Nadu remain skeptical, advocating for educational autonomy and resisting top-down mandates. The debate underscores India’s complex linguistic landscape, where language is deeply tied to identity, politics, and cultural pride.