Science and Tech for UPSC CSE 2024
Homosep Atom,
India's first robot for septic tank cleaning, tackles manual scavenging with automation. Developed by an IIT Madras incubated startup, this technology cleans, removes solid waste, and stores it all in one device. With growing use in 16 Indian cities, Homosep Atom improves sanitation by replacing manual labor with a robotic solution.
Garbhini-GA2
Researchers at IIT Madras and THSTI (Translational Health Science and Technology Institute) Faridabad have developed a new model, Garbhini-GA2, to accurately estimate the gestational age (GA) of fetuses in pregnant women during the second and third trimesters in India. This is important because current methods, based on Western populations, are inaccurate for the Indian population. Garbhini-GA2 uses data from routine ultrasound scans and is three times more accurate than existing methods. This can improve pregnancy care for women who receive their first ultrasound later in pregnancy, which is common in India. It can also lead to more precise due dates, better data for pregnancy outcome studies, and potentially reduced maternal and infant mortality rates. The model was developed using data from Gurugram Civil Hospital and validated in an independent cohort in South India. Researchers used genetic algorithm-based methods to create Garbhini-GA2. The next steps are to validate the model in larger studies across India and deploy it in clinics nationwide. This project is funded by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India, along with other organizations. This study highlights the successful collaboration between clinicians and data scientists to develop practical solutions for improved healthcare.
NASA's PACE satellite
NASA launched a climate satellite named PACE (Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, Ocean Ecosystem) on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket. Orbiting Earth at 420 miles for at least 3 years, PACE will collect detailed data on oceans and atmosphere. This data will improve understanding of atmospheric aerosols, sea life, and their role in weather and climate change, ultimately helping us address climate issues.
Mohs micrographic surgery
AIIMS Delhi has introduced Mohs micrographic surgery, a new and precise technique for treating skin cancer. This minimally invasive surgery offers several advantages over traditional methods, including better healing and lower recurrence rates. Previously unavailable in India, Mohs surgery makes AIIMS the first hospital in the country to offer this innovative treatment, eliminating the need for patients to travel abroad. This development strengthens AIIMS' position as a leader in advanced cancer care.
INSAT-3DS weather satellite
ISRO launched the INSAT-3DS weather satellite. Funded by the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES). Launched from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota. Will improve weather forecasting, disaster warning, and climate monitoring. Complements existing INSAT-3D and INSAT-3DR satellites. Equipped with advanced imaging and sounding instruments for data collection.
Benefits: Enhanced weather prediction and forecasts. Timely alerts and early warnings for extreme weather events. Improved advisories for public and sectors like agriculture and fisheries. Increased knowledge of Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and environment. Better disaster preparedness and mitigation capabilities.