Buddhist and Jain Architecture
Gandhara school
About:
- 1st CE
- patronized by Kanishka
- belong to Mahayana
- roman and Greek influence.
Features:
- Hellenistic realism
- anatomical details
- curly hairs
- drapery.
Mathura School:
About:
- Contemporary to Gandhara
- patrnized by Kanishka
- indigenous
- belong to Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism.
Features:
- facial expression,
- spiritualism.
Amravati:
About:
- contemporary to Gandhara and Mathura
- patronized by Satvahanas
- Amravati region of Andhra.
Features:
- narrative art form
- multiple characters
- jataka stories
- use of White marbles.
.jpg)
Indian Temple Architecture
Structural Features
Garbhagriha
- ‘womb-house’ and is a cave like a sanctum
- small cubical structure with a single entrance
- house the main icon (main deity)
Mandapa
- Place in front of Garbhgriha where devotees assemble for ‘Darshan’ of main deity
- Bhajan, kirtan, dance etc are played here
- Some temples have multiple mandapas in different sizes named as Ardhamandapa, Mandapa, and Mahamandapa.
Shikhara or Vimana
- mountain like tower above the garbhgriha
- Shikhara is found in North Indian temples and Vimana is found in South Indian temples
- Shikhara has a curving shape while vimana has a pyramidal like structure.
Iconography
- River goddesses
- Dwarapalas
- mithunas (erotic images)
- navagrahas
- Yaksha and Yakshinis.
Classification of Indian Temples
- Nagara (in North India)
- Dravida (in South India)
- At times, the Vesara style of temples as an independent style created through the mixing of Nagara and Dravida styles.
Classification of Nagara Style
- Latina/ Rekha-Prasada
- Phamsana-type Shikhara
- Valabhi-type Shikhara
Important Temple Architecture of India
- Dashavatara vishnu temple, deogarh, Uttar Pradesh
- temples at khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh
- dilwara temples, Rajasthan
- sun temple, modhera, Gujarat
- Sun temple, Konark, Odisha
- Jagannatha temple, Puri, Odisha
- The Shore Temple at Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu
- The Ratha Temple at Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu
- Brihdeshwara Temple: Chola Architecture
- Ravan Phadi cave, Aihole, Karnataka
- Lad Khan Temple at Aihole, Karnataka
- Durga Temple at Aihole, Karnataka Kailasnath Temple at Ellora
Indo-Islamic Architecture
About:
- Islamic art mixed with local art
- evolution of hybrid structures called Indo-Saracenic or
- Indo-Islamic architecture
- Indo-Saracenic (also known as Indo-Gothic, Mughal-Gothic, Neo Mughal).
Distinctive Features:
- Arabesque
- Calligraphy
- Arches
- Domes
- Minerates
- char bagh
- jail
- superior mortar
- pietra dura.
Categories of Styles
- Imperial Style (Delhi Sultanate),
- Provincial Style (Mandu, Gujarat, Bengal, and Jaunpur),
- Mughal Style (Delhi, Agra, and Lahore),
- Deccani Style (Bijapur, Golconda).
Art and Architecture under the Vijayanagar Rulers:
Salient features:
- Provida style-with large numbers of pillars and piers
- Raya Gopuram (gateways) and Kalyanamandap
- Horse was most common inscriptions on pillars
- Monolithic carving of Nandi
- Indo-Saracenic in character (Hindu and Muslim features)
- Mural painting on temple walls