History of India from 1700 to 1947

 

Year	Incident
1611	East India Company (EIC) establishes a factory in Masulipatnam  (modern Andhra Pradesh)
1612	Factory established in Surat
1640	Factory established in Madras
1688	Portuguese Bombay leased by EIC
1700	Factory established in Calcutta
1717	Farrukhsiyar grants ‘farman’ to EIC to carry on inland trade in Bengal with several significant concessions regarding tax concessions
1750s: Carnatic Wars     (I: 1746-48 II: 1749-54 III: 1756-63)	Carnatic Wars   These established the British East India’s Company’s supremacy amongst all the European companies in India). Around then, the Carnatic region was nominally a dependency of Hyderabad state (Mughal control), but was ruled by Nawab Dost Ali Khan
	I Carnatic war was the Indian theatre of the War of Austrian Succession in Europe, which brought Britain and France into conflict, and spilled onto the Indian subcontinent as well. Indian rulers were not involved; Brits came out on top. First military adventure of Robert Clive
	II Carnatic war started as a war of succession after the death of Nawab-ul-Mulk (Nawab of Hyderabad), and Brits and French saw an opportunity to consolidate influence and joined warring factions. Brits again came out on top, under Clive. Ended by Treaty of Pondicherry in 1754, recognizing the British-supported candidate becoming the Nawab
	III Carnatic war was the Indian theatre of the Seven Years’ War in Europe. Spread as far as Bengal, but was decided in southern India. Brits occupied Pondicherry (French capital). Gave it back under Treaty of Paris in 1763, but only as a trading post. This signaled the end of French political ambitions in India
1757: Battle of Plassey (Brits v/s Bengal Nawabs (Siraj-ud-Dalulah, later Mir Jafar and Mir Qasim)	Battle of Plassey (Robert Clive v/s Siraj-ud-Daulah)   When Alivardi Khan had come to power, he adopted a strict policy with the British, who had been granted favorable trade rights (including inland ones) by Farrukhsiyar in 1717. Alivardi had seen how Brits and French were waging proxy wars in Carnatic using local rulers, and wanted to prevent Bengal from that fate. Brits kept complaining that farman of 1717 was not being implemented fully, even as they continued rapacious inland trade that harmed the Nawab’s revenue (which had been going on since 1717)   In 1756, Alivardi Khan died and his grandson Siraj-ud-Daulah became Nawab of Bengal. He was suspicious of the British, and asked them to stop fortification (which the British were doing because of wars with France both in Europe and in Carnatic; French had also recently occupied Chandernagar in Bengal. This had infuriated the Nawab, who didn’t want any more of this on his land). Brits didn’t stop fortifications, and the Nawab attacked the EIC in Calcutta and ransacked the city (‘black hole’ incident)   EIC officials fled to an offshore island, and called for help from the company in Madras; under Clive, the Brits seized Calcutta, and the French fort of Chandernagar (7 years’ war was on in Europe)   French troops now joined the Nawab. In response, Robert Clive bribed Mir Jafar (head of Nawab’s army), and defeated the Nawab at Battle of Plassey. The British were now paramount rulers of Bengal, with all forthcoming Nawabs at their mercy (as early as 1759, Mir Jafar had grown disillusioned with the Brits, and started making alliances with the Dutch to repel the British; he got deposed, Mir Qasim came next)
1761: Battle of Panipat   (Marathas v/s Afghans + Shuja-ud-Daulah of Awadh; Brits not involved)	Battle of Panipat   Mughal empire was under free-fall after Aurangzeb. Already during Aurangzeb’s time, Mughals and Marathas had been fighting for 27 years (1680-1707). Marathas had had rapid territorial gains (Gujarat, Malwa, Rajputana etc.). By 1737, they also controlled most of Mughal territories south of Delhi. In 1758, Nana Saheb (Balaji Baji Rao) occupied Punjab as well, and this brought the Marathas into direct confrontation with the Afghans, under Ahmad Shah Abdali. They started sending expeditionary forces to mount attacks on the small Maratha garrisons in Punjab.   War seemed imminent; both sides wanted Shuja-ud-Daulah of Awadh on their side. Shuja joined Afghans (‘Army of Islam’), and this was critical, because without his support Afghans wouldn’t have had the money to stay for as long as they did in India. Afghans laid siege to Panipat, and cut off supplies to Marathas in Delhi, who started dying of starvation. Maratha soldiers begged to go to war, and to war they did go. But the Afghans under Ahmad Shah Durrani and Shuja were much stronger, and convincingly routed the Maraths   The Marathas were to remain absent from the North Indian political scene for the next decade, until another war in 1771
1763	III Carnatic War ends in Treaty of Paris; with this, Britain ends all political ambitions of France in India. Pondicherry returned to the French, but only as a trading post
	Sanyasi rebellion (Bengal/ East India): Brits imposed a ban on visits to holy places; Sanyasis organized raids on company
1764: Battle of Buxar	Battle of Buxar (read immediately after Battle of Plassey)   Mir Qasim was installed as Nawab of Bengal after Mir Jafar’s rebellious activities. Mir Qasim also quickly saw that there was no way that British plunder of Bengal could be allowed to go unchecked. He made alliances with Nawab of Awadh (Shuja-ud-Daulah) and Mughal King Shah Alam II; however, Clive’s army convincingly beat their combined forces at Buxar.   Shah Alam II now signed the Treaty of Allahabad, granting Diwani rights to the British EIC for Bengal (modern Bengal, Orissa, Jharkhand, Bihar, and parts of UP) in return for allowing him to hold court at Allahabad; Mir Qasim was replaced. Shuja-ud-Daulah allowed to return to Awadh under a subsidiary force. This arrangement made the British virtual rulers of Bengal (the revenue-collection function had hitherto been performed by the Nawabs). Now, the Nawab had the responsibility for administration (Brits weren’t interested in direct administration yet), while the Brits enjoyed the real power (without responsibility).   => Led to dual government in Bengal.   With the Marathas just having lost to the Afghans in the Battle of Panipat in 1761, they were to remain absent from North Indian affairs for about a decade. This gave the British a wide berth in consolidating their foothold over these parts.
1767   <1767-99: Anglo-Mysore (modern Karnataka) Wars>   (I: 1767-69 II: 1780-84 III: 1789-92 IV: 1799)   (Treaties: MMS- Madras, Mangalore, Seringapatnam)	I Anglo-Mysore War (1767): Hyder Ali had become the ruler of Mysore in 1761. Mysore had enemies Marathas to the north, and Hyderabad to the east. Marathas invaded Mysore around 1767; initial plan was that Hyderabad’s Nizam will also invade and plunder, but the British invaded Hyderabad’s Northern Sarkars (to establish a land route between their holdings in Calcutta and Madras). This made the Nizam think of allying with Mysore. But Brits pre-empted and attacked Mysore.   No side won decisively; Treaty of Madras in 1769 declared ceasefire, and Brits were to help out Mysore in case of military aggression from Marathas.
	II Anglo-Mysore War (1780): Going against the Treaty of Madras, the British refused to help out in Mysore-Maratha wars in 1770s, and Hyder Ali allied with the French. After Britain and France started fighting in Europe, Brits occupied French port of Mahe on Malabar coast. Hyder Ali used to get his French arms from this port. So, Hyder Ali launched an attack in response, and included Marathas and Nizam of Hyderabad.   After a long-drawn war, British losses were high, and London instructed EIC to stop the war and sign a treaty. Treaty of Mangalore was signed in 1784, and all territories won by either side given back. Brits agreed not to intervene in any future wars between Mysore, Marathas, and Hyderabad.
	III Anglo-Mysore War (1789): Tipu Sultan, Hyder Ali’s son, was now the ruler; he’d been looking to find a way to go to war with the British. He attacked British ally Travancore (Kerala); Brits said okay let’s fight.     Tipu lost badly; Brits could’ve occupied Mysore but didn’t because they didn’t want consolidation of Maratha power, or to incur expenses by appointing someone directly under Brits. They let Tipu rule, but took 2 of his sons hostage so he would abide by the Treaty of Seringapatnam (1792), whereby about half of Mysore’s area was given away to Marathas and Hyderabad.
	IV Anglo-Mysore War (1799): Final war; Tipu dead. Most of Mysore given away to Marathas and Nizam; core around Seringapatnam given to pre-Hyder Ali House of Wodeyars, who ‘ruled’ till 1947
1773	Regulating Act (GG- Warren Hastings):   EIC, before and since Plassey (1757), was involved in corrupt practices whereby the company constantly veered on the verge of bankruptcy and couldn’t repay its commitments to the British government even as the ‘Nabobs’ became spectacularly wealthy. The Regulating Act was brought in for the better management of the company’s affairs in India and in Britain. The Company was to act as the Sovereign power on behalf of the Crown. Warren Hastings was the Governor in Bengal at this time (so became first GG).   Key features: 1.  GG + 4: Created executive council of 4 members to assist the Governor-General of Bengal 2. Governors of Bombay and Madras presidencies made subordinate to GG of Bengal 3.  Established Supreme Court in Calcutta 4.  Company servants were forbidden from carrying on private trade or accept ‘presents’ from Indian rulers
1775   1775-1818: Anglo-Maratha Wars (I: 1775-82 II: 1803-05 III: 1817-18)   (Salbai, Bassein, Gwalior)	I Anglo-Maratha War (1775): Around this time, the Marathas were the only major Indian power left on the subcontinent (and to some extent, Mysore). However, there was internal squabbling for succession. Raghunath Rao signed a treaty with Brits (but he wasn’t the rightful heir); this treaty led to the start of the first war; this was virtually a stalemate, ended with Treaty of Salbai whereby both powers were to follow a policy of peaceful coexistence.
	II Anglo-Maratha War (1803): Nana Phadnavis died; succession struggle. One side (Raghunath Rao’s son Bajir Rao II) signed Treaty of Bassein with the Brits, in effect becoming their subsidiary. Other side, enraged, attacked the Brits and the first side. Lost. Marathas lost large part of their territory
	III Anglo-Maratha War (1817): Mostly a mopping-up operation; the previous war had been stopped due to fiscal constraints. At the end of this war, all the Maratha powers had surrendered to the British, under Treaty of Gwalior. Brits now controlled all of Southern India, south of the Satluj river.
1784	Pitt’s India Act (GG- Warren Hastings):  Passed among allegations of continuing corruption and misrule even after the 1773 Regulating Act   1.    GG + 3: Governor-General’s council reduced to 3 members (from 4 after the Regulating Act) 2.    Modified the relationship between the EIC and the British Government 3.    Made the EIC subordinate to the British government by creating the Board of Control, both to supervise the East India Company's affairs and to prevent the Company's shareholders from interfering in the governance of India. The erstwhile Court of Directors was still to exist, but would manage only commercial affairs; BoC would manage political affairs 4.    Secretary of State was to be the President of the Board; +5 members 5.    Bengal GG kind of made head, but some autonomy to subordinate provincial Governors   Failed because boundaries of work between BoC and CoD were poorly defined and arbitrary.
1789	III Anglo-Mysore War (see above): Tipu had been wanting to fight the brits; attacked their allies Travancore. Lost, had to sign Treaty of Mangalore. His sons were taken hostage by Brits to ensure good behavior.
1793	Cornwallis introduced Permanent Settlement in Bengal (demands had been raised by liberals in Britain since Regulating Act of 1773); this was the first socio-economic regulation in British India
1795	‘Bengal Regulation’; declared infanticide illegal.
1799	IV Anglo-Mysore War; ended in Tipu’s defeat, and installation of puppet rulers ‘House of Wodeyars’ on the Mysore throne. Mysore was now out of the game.
	Chuar uprising (Bengal/ East India (Midnapore)):  Happened due to famine, enhanced land-revenue demand, and general economic distress. Wasn’t a one-off incident; incidents happened till 1816.
1803	II Anglo-Maratha War (see above): ‘Renegade’ Baji Rao II signed Treaty of Bassein with Brits; death knell for Marathas (although there would be one more war after this)
1813	Charter Act of 1813 (GG- Minto; retired in 1813, succeeded by Hastings (Moira): Passed in the backdrop of great economic turmoil in Europe; Napoleon had imposed the ‘Continental System’ in Europe, and British traders were facing hardships. There was clamor for revoking EIC’s monopoly on trade with India. Key features:   1.    GG + 3 maintained 2.    Ended the trade monopoly of EIC with India, except for tea and trade with China 3.    Missionaries now allowed to go to India 4.    EIC instructed to spend Rs. 1 lakh per annum to strengthen the education systems 5.    Empowered local governments to impose taxes, subject to jurisdiction of SC
1815	Atmiya Sabha: Raja Ram Mohan Roy established the Atmiya Sabha, a precursor in the socio-religious reforms in Bengal. With this, he was known as a campaigners for the rights of women. He started opposing the Sati system and Polygamy in Hindus.
1817	III Anglo-Maratha War (see above): mop-up operation. All Maratha power now with British, who controlled the entire Indian territory south of the Satluj.
1828	Brahmo Samaj established
1829	William Bentick brings in ‘Abolishon of Sati Act’
1830	Dharma Sabha established by Radhakant Deb as retaliation to Brahmo Samaj’s growing influence; orthodox Hindu, status-quoist
1833	Charter Act of 1833 (GG- Bentick) (before this: Regulating Act of 1773, Pitt’s India Act of 1784)   1.    GG + 4: GG’s council expanded to include a 4th member (Macaulay was the first such 4th member); not to be an executive member, only legislative 2.    Trade license of EIC revoked altogether (opening up of trade with India to others, not only EIC); the EIC became a part of the British government, but India’s administration remained under company officials 3.    Made the GG of Bengal GG of India (title change); thus, revoked the autonomy of the presidencies of Madras and Bombay; deprived Governments of Madras and Bombay of powers of legislation 4.    First step towards codifying India laws; India Law Commission set up 5.    First act that provisioned to freely admit the natives of India to share in administration
1835	Metcalfe (GG) repeals Licensing Act that had imposed restrictions on freedom of press
1839	Tattvabodhini Sabha established by Debendranath Tagore. When Brahmo Samaj became weak after the death of its founder Ram Mohan Roy, Debendranath Tagore took every possible initiative and established the 'Tattvanodhini Sabha'. Its prime objective was to propagate the spirit of Hindu Scriptures, including the Vedas. Came together with Brahmo Samaj in 1840s.   The Tattvabodhini Sabha encouraged a balanced attitude towards religion, a feature that attracted both the groups, conservative like Ishwar Chandra Gupta as well as modern outlook-ed people like Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar.   Debendranath Tagore, however, modified his philosophy and conflict with many of the views of the members of the Sabha. Thus came a split in the Sabha in 1859 and subsequently, the liability of publishing the journal and books for the circulation of the faith fell on Calcutta Brahmo Samaj.
1853	Charter Act of 1853 (GG- Dalhousie (James Broun-Ramsey))   1.    GG + 4 + 6: 4th member in council placed on equal footing with the other 3, and 6 new ‘Legislative Councillors’ added; total council strength = 12 (all officials; GG + Commander in Chief + 4 executive members + 2 judges + 4 officials) 2.    All previous Charter Acts had explicitly dictated how long the EIC’s charter was being renewed for; this one just said unless Parliament decides otherwise, EIC would administer India 3.    Deprived the Court of Directors from using appointments to ICS as a patronage device; appointments thrown open via competitive examinations
1854	‘Wood’s Despatch’ to GG Lord Dalhousie, asking to: (i) Set up education department in every province; (ii)  Universities on the model of the London University be established in big cities such as Bombay, Calcutta and Madras; (iii)  At least one government school be opened in every district; (iv) Indians should also be taught in their native tongues. Is called Magna-carta of English Education in India.
1856	Hindu Widow Remarriage Act
1858	Government of India Act (GG- Charles Canning)   1.    Abolished the EIC’s rule in India, the Court of Directors, and the Board of Control 2.    Crown was now to govern India directly via a ‘Secretary of State for India’ 3.    GG renamed Viceroy (Canning was thus first Viceroy) 4.    15 member council to assist SoS
1861	Indian Councils Act (GG- Charles Canning)   1.    GG + 5 + (6-12): Additional member in executive council; minimum 6 and maximum 12 legislative members, half of whom had to be non-officials (nominated by provinces and the Calcutta Chamber of Commerce; thus, Indian participation initiated) 2.    Portfolio system introduced 3.    Decentralization: Re-instated legislative powers of Governments of Madras and Bombay 4.    GG had veto, could issue ordinances 5.    LC members could discuss budget, but couldn’t legislate on budget
1865	Split in Brahmo Samaj
1866	East India Association founded by Dadabhai Naoroji in London.  It was one of the predecessor organizations of the Indian National Congress.  The idea was to present the correct information about India to the British Public and voice Indian Grievances. Became defunct in 1880s.
1870	Mayo’s Resolution (Fiscal Decentralization from Centre to Provinces)
1867	Poona Sarvajanik Sabha founded by Ranade to represent the aspirations of the people to government. It published a quartely journal to put forth the problems of people before the government.
1873	Satyashodhak Samaj founded by Jyotiba Phule. Aim was to create caste consciousness; first movement with leadership from low castes; Raja Bali used as symbol.
1875	Arya Samaj founded by Dayanand Saraswati; “Back to the Vedas”, end priestly domination, promote inter-caste and widow marriages, no idol worship
1878	Vernacular Press Act, Arms Act
	Keshab Chanda Sen’s ‘Brahmo Samaj of India’ further splits into two (other branch now called ‘Sadharan Brahmo Samaj’).
1882	Ripon’s Resolution (Fiscal Decentralization from Provinces to Local Bodies)
	Hunter Education Commission
1883	Ilbert Bill (Ripon):  proposed an amendment for existing laws in the country at the time to allow Indian judges and magistrates the jurisdiction to try British offenders in criminal cases at the District level, something that was disallowed at the time. Didn’t pass.   Finally, a solution was adopted by way of compromise: jurisdiction to try Europeans would be conferred on European and Indian District Magistrates and Sessions Judges alike.  However, a defendant would in all cases have the right to claim trial by a jury of which at least half the members must be European.
1885	Indian National Congress formed; first President: WC Bonnerji
1890	Kadambini becomes the first woman to address INC (I think she was the first female graduate of Calcutta University)
1891	Act X : raised the age of consent for sexual intercourse for all girls, married or unmarried, from 10 years to 12 years old; everything before would be classified as rape and attract penal punishment
1892	Councils Act (Lansdowne)
1896	Bombay plague; Chapekar brothers shoot someone important, hanged; Tilak jailed for praising them (they were his disciples anyway)
1897	Ramakrishna Movement started by Vivekananda (Narendranath Dutta);  aim was to spread the universal message of Vedanta, love all religions, service of humans = service of god.
1902	Sri Narayan Guru Dharma Paripalana (SNDP) movement;  started among Ezvahas of Kerala (toddy-trappers, untouchables); urged them to join schools, administration.
1904	Official Secrets Act
1905	Partition of Bengal, Swadeshi Movement
	Shyamji Krishna Verma starts Indian Home Rule Society in London
	GK Gokhale starts ‘Servants of India Society’; non-religious, aimed at raising cadres for nation-building
1906	INC adopts Swaraj as goal during Calcutta session under Dadabhai Naoroji’s presidentship
	‘Yugantar’ started in Anushilan Samiti (which was a revolutionary terrorist organization in Bengal)
	Shimla Deputation: In 1906 a group of Muslim landed magnates and chieftains organized a deputation of Lord Minto, the Viceroy, at Simla and pleaded for concession to the Muslim community of India.     Within a few months following the Simla Deputation a political forum of the communalist Muslims emerged. Nawab Salimullah of Dacca took initiative in organizing a conference of the communalist Muslims in which a resolution was adopted in favour of the foundation of the All India Muslim League.
1907	Muslim League founded
	INC Surat split
1908	Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose executed for  bomb-carriage incident
	Tilak praises them, deported to Mandalay for 8 years under charges of sedition
1909	Indian Councils Act (GG- Minto: father of communal electorates) (‘Minto-Morley Reforms’)   1.    GG was Minto 2.    GG + 7 + (60): Massively increased the size of Legislative Council at the center (16 to 60), and also in the provinces; officials still in majority (34 officials, 25 elected (13 general, 8 Muslims, 6 British Capitalists, 2 landlords), 4 nominated) 3.    LCs could discuss 4.    Separate electorates introduced 5.    Satyendranath Sinha became the first Indian to join the GG’s executive council
1911	Partition of Bengal annulled under constant opposition from Hindu communalist groups, and because of the rise of revolutionary terrorism; immediate cause for discontent was a huge famine, and the simultaneous pomp of the Delhi Durbar for a visiting Royal
1912	RB Bose and Sachin Sanyal throw a bomb at Viceroy Hardinge
1914	Tilak returns to India (back from Prison in Mandalay)
	Ghadar party formed in San Francisco under Lala Hardayal, after Komagata Maru incident
1915	Amidst WW1, Defense of India rules imposed that curbed all kinds of civil liberties- entire leadership of Ghadar movement beheaded
	Pherozshah Mehta and Gopalkrishna Gokhale both dead (natural causes)
1916	Congress reunites in Lucknow (after Surat Split of 1907)
	Lucknow Pact (between the Muslim League and the Congress)
	Tilak and Annie Besant start the Home Rule League Movement (instrumental in making the INC a potent political force again, by bringing the extremists and moderates under the same fold again)
1917	Gandhi enters the nationalist scene; Champaran Satyagraha
	Justice Party founded in Tamil Nadu; this was a political party focused on securing jobs for non-brahmins in legislature. Founded by CN Mulaidar, T. Nair, and P. Thyagaraja.
	Russian Revolution (was to lead to rise of the left ad peasant movements later)
1918	Kheda Satyagraha
	Ahmedabad Mill Strike
1919	Rowlatt Satyagraha, Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, Gandhi jailed
	Government of India Act (Montague-Chelmsford Reforms)   1.    GG was Chelmsford 2.    Replaced Legislative Council with a bicameral structure; both houses had majority members elected by direct elections (but limited franchise- property, tax, or education) 3.    Dyarchy (two executives in Provinces; one responsible to Legislature (‘Ministers’), and the other to Governor (‘Executive Councillors’) 4.     3 members of GG’s executive council to be Indians 5.    Extended separate electorates to Sikhs, Christians, Anglos, and Europeans 6.     Separated provincial budgets from central; provinces could enact their own budgets
1920	Congress commits itself to extra-constitutional mass struggle (Nagpur session)
	Non-Cooperation/ Khilafat Movement starts
	MN Roy founded CPI in Tashkent
1921	Akali Movement;  started to liberate Sikh Gurudwaras from Udasi Mahants; later won and set up SGPC; later turned communal (think why?)
1922	Chaura-Chauri incident; Gandhi calls off NCM, arrested for 6 years
	Mapilla rebellion in Malabar
1923	Swarajist-‘No-changer’ debate
1924	Gandhi released on health grounds (check)
	Swaraj party (from within the Congress) fights elections; wins handsomely
	Hindustan Republican Army set up by Ramprasad Bismil, Sachin Sanyal, and Jogendranath Chatterjee
	Vaikom Satyagraha (temple entry, led by KV Keshav)
	Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case: SA Dange jailed
1925	CR Das dies; leads to split in Bengal Congress: JM Sengupta faction (backed by revolutionary Anushilan group), and other led by SC Bose (Yugantar group)
	Kakori train robbery (Bismil, Ashfaqullah, Rajendra Lahiri hanged)
1926	Swaraj party splits due to differences- some members like MMM and Lala Lajpat Rai wanted more concession to Hindus, Nehru and CR Das (?) were secular and left the Swaraj party; elections, Swaraj party does badly
1927	Simon Commission- all white, no Indians; huge protests, even Muslim League protests. Lala Lajpat Rai killed during demonstrations
	‘Delhi Proposals’ by the Muslim League; first ever acceptance of Joint Electorates
1928	Saunders Murder by HSRA; Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt throw bombs in the Central Legislative Assembly to protest the Public Safety Bill and Trade Disputes Bill
	Calcutta Session	Nehru Report
		INC declares that if the Government doesn’t grant dominion status within a year, they will start a satyagraha; Gandhi tours the country to prepare the masses for the coming struggle
1929	INC declares Purna Swaraj as its goal in Lahore; all Congress ministries resign
	League issues Jinnah’s 14 points
	Irwin announces that goal of Brits is to eventually grant dominion status
	Meerut Conspiracy Case
	‘Delhi Manifesto’
1930	Launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement via Dandi March in March; movement builds up, Gandhi arrested in May
	First RTC in London (to discuss Simon recommendations); Congress boycotts
	Chittagong Armory Raid (Surya Sen etc.)
	Sarda Act
	Garhwal Rifles soldiers refuse to open fire on unarmed crowd
1931	Gandhi-Irwin Pact (Delhi Pact- put INC and GoI on equal footing)
	Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru hanged (Lahore Conspiracy Case)
	INC Karachi session; 2 landmark resolutions on Fundamental Rights and National Economic Programme passed
	Second RTC; Gandhi dismayed at strong focus on Communal Award to depressed classes, decides to resume CDM. Arrested upon return to India without a trial, jailed in Yeravada (Poona)
	Gurvayur Satyagraha (temple entry)
1932	Communal Award announced by Ramsey Macdonald (SoS)
	Gandhi undertakes fast unto death in Yeravada against this; him and Ambedkar sign the Poona Pact; Gandhi sets up the ‘All India Anti-Untouchability League’ from jail
	Third RTC in London
1933	Gandhi released from prison
1934	Gandhi retires from active politics (after dispute in Congress regarding direction), devotes himself to constructive work; withdraws CDM
1935	Government of India Act   1.     Establishment of All-India Federation (didn’t happen as Princes didn’t agree) 2.     Abolished diarchy in provinces (=> provinvial autonomy), and introduced it at the central level; 3 legislative lists 3.     Responsible governance in the provinces (implemented for a while); Governor answerable to legislature 4.     Further extended separate electorates to depressed classes, women, and labour 5.     Extended franchise; about 10% eligible to vote 6.     Still, about 80% of central budget not votable 7.     Established Reserve Bank of India
1936	Maharaja of Travancore allows temple entry (after lots of struggle- think Vaikom, Gurvayur etc.)
1937	Provincial elections held, Congress wins/emerges as single largest party in all provinces but two (check which two); Muslim League dismayed, moves to extreme communalism
1939	WW2 starts; Congress ministries resign; League observes the day of resignation as Deliverance Day
1940	Pakistan Resolution at the League’s Lahore session
	August Offer (Linlithgow)
	Congress launches individual satyagrahas; ‘Dilli Chalo’; first satyagraha was Vinoba Bhave
1942	Quit India Movement (resolution in Bombay in August); Gandhi and other leaders arrested immediately after resolution
	Cripps Mission (‘Blueprint for India’s Partition)
1944/45	Wavell’s Plan/ Shimla Conference
	Calcutta upsurge 01; elections (communal polarization, league sweeps muslim areas)
1946	Cabinet Mission
	Calcutta upsurge 02 + RIN mutiny
	August	Communal riots at an unprecedented scale
	September	Interim congress government (despite INC opposition to compulsory grouping)
	October	Muslim League joins interim government
1947	February	Attlee’s statement: we’re leaving by June 1948
	June	Mountbatten Plan
	August 15	Independence

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